{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:mathura:2023-12-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/mathura/2023-12-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2023-12-31","date_display":"December 31, 2023 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Not independently benchmarked across the declared range","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2023,"month":12,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460309.770833,"kali_year":5125,"ahargana":1871844.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":254.5823,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":122.9393,"rashi":5,"rashi_name":"Siṃha"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":228.357,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":0.357},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":1,"moon_longitude":122.9393,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.9393},"yoga":{"number":2,"name":"Prīti","sum_longitude":17.5217},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2023,"month":12,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460309.770833,"ahargana":1871844.2708,"kali_year":5125,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.1882,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":254.88803200000007,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":20,"name":"Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":120.43273199999999,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":3.8044},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":242.13383199999998,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":237.89133199999992,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":4},"retrograde":true},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":11.409032000000025,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":4},"retrograde":true},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":216.92783199999997,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":17,"name":"Anurādhā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":309.066732,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":24,"name":"Śatabhiṣā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":0.6826,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":180.6826,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Not independently benchmarked across the declared range","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2023,"month":12,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460309.770833,"kali_year":5125,"ahargana":1871844.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":254.5823,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":122.9393,"rashi":5,"rashi_name":"Siṃha"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":228.357,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":0.357},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":1,"moon_longitude":122.9393,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.9393},"yoga":{"number":2,"name":"Prīti","sum_longitude":17.5217},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":3.804,"elongation":131.643},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":3.804,"opposition_distance":48.357}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"mathura","name":"Mathurā","lat":27.4924,"lon":77.6737,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Uttar Pradesh","country":"IN","tier":"tirtha"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"mathura","name":"Mathurā","lat":27.4924,"lon":77.6737,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Uttar Pradesh","country":"IN","tier":"tirtha"},"sunriseLocal":"07:10","sunsetLocal":"17:35","solarNoonLocal":"12:23","dayLengthHours":10.42721484298816,"dayLengthDisplay":"10 Hours 25 Mins 38 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"13 Hours 34 Mins 22 Secs","moonriseLocal":"20:54","moonsetLocal":"09:56","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"16:17","end":"17:35","startHours":16.286229481517317,"endHours":17.589631336890836,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"12:23","end":"13:41","startHours":12.376023915396758,"endHours":13.679425770770276,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"14:59","end":"16:17","startHours":14.982827626143797,"endHours":16.286229481517317,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:36","end":"09:57","startHours":9.595433290599914,"endHours":9.94300711869952,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"07:36","end":"07:52","startHours":7.596883779027183,"endHours":7.874942841506868,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"12:02","end":"12:43","startHours":12.02845008729715,"endHours":12.723597743496361,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"05:46","end":"06:28","startHours":5.7721211815042555,"endHours":6.4672688377034655,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"06:18","end":"07:10","startHours":6.293481923653663,"endHours":7.162416493902676,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:07","end":"14:49","startHours":14.113893055894785,"endHours":14.809040712093996,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"17:23","end":"17:47","startHours":17.389631336890837,"endHours":17.789631336890835,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"17:35","end":"18:01","startHours":17.589631336890836,"endHours":18.02409862201534,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"17:20","end":"19:05","startHours":17.339631336890836,"endHours":19.089631336890836,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"00:02","end":"00:43","startHours":24.028450087297152,"endHours":24.723597743496363,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"07:10","end":"08:28","startHours":7.162416493902676,"endHours":8.465818349276196,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"08:28","end":"09:46","startHours":8.465818349276196,"endHours":9.769220204649717,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"09:46","end":"11:04","startHours":9.769220204649717,"endHours":11.072622060023237,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"11:04","end":"12:23","startHours":11.072622060023237,"endHours":12.376023915396758,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"12:23","end":"13:41","startHours":12.376023915396758,"endHours":13.679425770770276,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"13:41","end":"14:59","startHours":13.679425770770276,"endHours":14.982827626143797,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"14:59","end":"16:17","startHours":14.982827626143797,"endHours":16.286229481517317,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"16:17","end":"17:35","startHours":16.286229481517317,"endHours":17.589631336890836,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"17:35","end":"19:17","startHours":17.589631336890836,"endHours":19.286229481517317,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"19:17","end":"20:59","startHours":19.286229481517317,"endHours":20.982827626143795,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"20:59","end":"22:41","startHours":20.982827626143795,"endHours":22.679425770770276,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"22:41","end":"00:23","startHours":22.679425770770276,"endHours":24.376023915396758,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"00:23","end":"02:04","startHours":24.376023915396758,"endHours":26.072622060023235,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"02:04","end":"03:46","startHours":26.072622060023235,"endHours":27.769220204649717,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"03:46","end":"05:28","startHours":27.769220204649717,"endHours":29.465818349276198,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"05:28","end":"07:10","startHours":29.465818349276198,"endHours":31.162416493902676,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"07:10","end":"08:10","startHours":7.162416493902676,"endHours":8.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"08:10","end":"09:10","startHours":8.162416493902676,"endHours":9.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"09:10","end":"10:10","startHours":9.162416493902676,"endHours":10.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"10:10","end":"11:10","startHours":10.162416493902676,"endHours":11.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"11:10","end":"12:10","startHours":11.162416493902676,"endHours":12.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"12:10","end":"13:10","startHours":12.162416493902676,"endHours":13.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"13:10","end":"14:10","startHours":13.162416493902676,"endHours":14.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"14:10","end":"15:10","startHours":14.162416493902676,"endHours":15.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"15:10","end":"16:10","startHours":15.162416493902676,"endHours":16.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"16:10","end":"17:10","startHours":16.162416493902676,"endHours":17.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"17:10","end":"18:10","startHours":17.162416493902676,"endHours":18.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"18:10","end":"19:10","startHours":18.162416493902676,"endHours":19.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"19:10","end":"20:10","startHours":19.162416493902676,"endHours":20.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"20:10","end":"21:10","startHours":20.162416493902676,"endHours":21.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"21:10","end":"22:10","startHours":21.162416493902676,"endHours":22.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"22:10","end":"23:10","startHours":22.162416493902676,"endHours":23.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"23:10","end":"00:10","startHours":23.162416493902676,"endHours":24.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"00:10","end":"01:10","startHours":24.162416493902676,"endHours":25.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"01:10","end":"02:10","startHours":25.162416493902676,"endHours":26.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"02:10","end":"03:10","startHours":26.162416493902676,"endHours":27.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"03:10","end":"04:10","startHours":27.162416493902676,"endHours":28.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"04:10","end":"05:10","startHours":28.162416493902676,"endHours":29.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"05:10","end":"06:10","startHours":29.162416493902676,"endHours":30.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"06:10","end":"07:10","startHours":30.162416493902676,"endHours":31.162416493902676,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Siṃha","Tulā","Makara","Kumbha"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Kanyā","Vṛścika","Dhanu","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"West","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Mudgara","quality":"Inauspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter)","tropicalAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":-23.12588203171469,"eotMinutes":-3.2562349238053434,"ayanamsa":24.1882}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2080,"vikram_samvatsara":"Nala","saka_samvat":1945,"saka_samvatsara":"Śobhana","bengali_samvat":1430,"malayalam_era":1199,"nanakshahi_year":554,"lunar_month":"Pauṣa","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Pauṣa Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Pauṣa","lunar_month_amanta":"Mārgaśīrṣa","lunar_month_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":false,"solar_month":"Dhanus (Mārgaḻi)","ritu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter)","display_summary":"Pauṣa Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī · Vikram 2080 Nala · Śaka 1945 Śobhana"},"festivals":[],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"mathura"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga December 31, 2023 CE · Mathurā · Vidhyamitra","description":"December 31, 2023 CE for Mathurā: Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī, sūryodaya 07:10, sūryāsta 17:35.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/mathura/2023-12-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/mathura/2023-12-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/mathura/2023-12-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/mathura/2023-12-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/mathura/2023-12-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-09-12T03:07:27.996Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-09-12T03:07:27.996Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-09-12T03:07:27.996Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"},"reader_local_antaryami":{"reader_geography":"Every reader enters from their own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi; no single city is the universal center.","purna_chain":["Hosted scripture","Named-tradition interpretation","Original Vidhyamitra contemplation","Bhūmi-born material medium","Vidhyamitra portal","Responsible reader in their own kṣetra"],"claim_boundary":"The legacy purna_chain field carries a source-to-reader sequence, not a revealed physical descent, universal cosmology, or proof that software is conscious.","antaryami_responsibility_formula":"Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu = Paramātmā = Antaryāmī. Jīva desires. Prakṛti executes through guṇas. Paramātmā witnesses, permits, remembers, guides, and sustains. Bhagavān is the ultimate source.","source_anchors":[{"label":"BG 13.23","path":"/bhagavad-gita/13/23","meaning":"upadraṣṭā-anumantā · witness-permitter"},{"label":"BG 15.15","path":"/bhagavad-gita/15/15","meaning":"the Lord seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetting"},{"label":"BG 18.61","path":"/bhagavad-gita/18/61","meaning":"Īśvara seated in the heart of all beings"}],"nama_seal":"Hare Krishna Hare Krishna · Krishna Krishna Hare Hare · Hare Rama Hare Rama · Rama Rama Hare Hare"}}}