{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:melbourne:2024-04-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/melbourne/2024-04-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2024-04-28","date_display":"April 28, 2024 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Not independently benchmarked across the declared range","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"kali_year":5126,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.0792,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":243.1968,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":229.1176,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1176},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1,"moon_longitude":243.1968,"elapsed_within_degrees":3.1968},"yoga":{"number":20,"name":"Śiva","sum_longitude":257.2761},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"kali_year":5126,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.1928,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.060985000000016,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":2,"name":"Bharaṇī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":241.05168500000002,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-4.1954},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":333.453485,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":351.739785,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":29.26448499999998,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":3,"name":"Kṛttikā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":3.7373850000000175,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":322.27398500000004,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":25,"name":"Pūrva Bhādrapadā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":354.3774,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":174.3774,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":1},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Not independently benchmarked across the declared range","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"kali_year":5126,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.0792,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":243.1968,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":229.1176,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1176},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1,"moon_longitude":243.1968,"elapsed_within_degrees":3.1968},"yoga":{"number":20,"name":"Śiva","sum_longitude":257.2761},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.195,"elongation":130.882},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.195,"opposition_distance":49.118}},"eclipse_window_40days":[{"offset_days":-4,"type":"lunar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":-1.28,"opposition_distance":0.923}]},"city":{"slug":"melbourne","name":"Melbourne, Australia","lat":-37.8136,"lon":144.9631,"tz_offset_hours":10,"country":"AU","tier":"diaspora"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"melbourne","name":"Melbourne, Australia","lat":-37.8136,"lon":144.9631,"tz_offset_hours":10,"country":"AU","tier":"diaspora"},"sunriseLocal":"06:59","sunsetLocal":"17:37","solarNoonLocal":"12:18","dayLengthHours":10.631395672704585,"dayLengthDisplay":"10 Hours 37 Mins 53 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"13 Hours 22 Mins 07 Secs","moonriseLocal":"20:04","moonsetLocal":"10:47","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"16:17","end":"17:37","startHours":16.28102720800722,"endHours":17.609951667095295,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"12:18","end":"13:37","startHours":12.294253830743003,"endHours":13.623178289831074,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"14:57","end":"16:17","startHours":14.952102748919149,"endHours":16.28102720800722,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:28","end":"09:49","startHours":9.459214984688446,"endHours":9.813594840445266,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"07:25","end":"07:42","startHours":7.421530814086734,"endHours":7.70503469869219,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:56","end":"12:39","startHours":11.939873974986183,"endHours":12.648633686499823,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"05:34","end":"06:16","startHours":5.561036571363431,"endHours":6.269796282877071,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"06:06","end":"06:59","startHours":6.092606354998661,"endHours":6.978555994390709,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:04","end":"14:46","startHours":14.0661531095271,"endHours":14.77491282104074,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"17:25","end":"17:49","startHours":17.409951667095296,"endHours":17.809951667095294,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"17:37","end":"18:03","startHours":17.609951667095295,"endHours":18.05292648679132,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"17:22","end":"19:07","startHours":17.359951667095295,"endHours":19.109951667095295,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:56","end":"00:39","startHours":23.939873974986185,"endHours":24.64863368649982,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"06:59","end":"08:18","startHours":6.978555994390709,"endHours":8.307480453478782,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"08:18","end":"09:38","startHours":8.307480453478782,"endHours":9.636404912566856,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"09:38","end":"10:58","startHours":9.636404912566856,"endHours":10.965329371654928,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"10:58","end":"12:18","startHours":10.965329371654928,"endHours":12.294253830743003,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"12:18","end":"13:37","startHours":12.294253830743003,"endHours":13.623178289831074,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"13:37","end":"14:57","startHours":13.623178289831074,"endHours":14.952102748919149,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"14:57","end":"16:17","startHours":14.952102748919149,"endHours":16.28102720800722,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"16:17","end":"17:37","startHours":16.28102720800722,"endHours":17.609951667095295,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"17:37","end":"19:17","startHours":17.609951667095295,"endHours":19.281027208007224,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"19:17","end":"20:57","startHours":19.281027208007224,"endHours":20.95210274891915,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"20:57","end":"22:37","startHours":20.95210274891915,"endHours":22.623178289831074,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"22:37","end":"00:18","startHours":22.623178289831074,"endHours":24.294253830743003,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"00:18","end":"01:58","startHours":24.294253830743003,"endHours":25.96532937165493,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"01:58","end":"03:38","startHours":25.96532937165493,"endHours":27.636404912566856,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"03:38","end":"05:18","startHours":27.636404912566856,"endHours":29.30748045347878,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"05:18","end":"06:59","startHours":29.30748045347878,"endHours":30.97855599439071,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:59","end":"07:59","startHours":6.978555994390709,"endHours":7.978555994390709,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:59","end":"08:59","startHours":7.978555994390709,"endHours":8.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:59","end":"09:59","startHours":8.97855599439071,"endHours":9.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:59","end":"10:59","startHours":9.97855599439071,"endHours":10.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:59","end":"11:59","startHours":10.97855599439071,"endHours":11.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:59","end":"12:59","startHours":11.97855599439071,"endHours":12.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:59","end":"13:59","startHours":12.97855599439071,"endHours":13.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:59","end":"14:59","startHours":13.97855599439071,"endHours":14.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:59","end":"15:59","startHours":14.97855599439071,"endHours":15.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:59","end":"16:59","startHours":15.97855599439071,"endHours":16.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:59","end":"17:59","startHours":16.97855599439071,"endHours":17.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:59","end":"18:59","startHours":17.97855599439071,"endHours":18.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:59","end":"19:59","startHours":18.97855599439071,"endHours":19.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:59","end":"20:59","startHours":19.97855599439071,"endHours":20.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:59","end":"21:59","startHours":20.97855599439071,"endHours":21.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:59","end":"22:59","startHours":21.97855599439071,"endHours":22.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:59","end":"23:59","startHours":22.97855599439071,"endHours":23.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:59","end":"00:59","startHours":23.97855599439071,"endHours":24.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:59","end":"01:59","startHours":24.97855599439071,"endHours":25.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:59","end":"02:59","startHours":25.97855599439071,"endHours":26.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:59","end":"03:59","startHours":26.97855599439071,"endHours":27.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:59","end":"04:59","startHours":27.97855599439071,"endHours":28.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:59","end":"05:59","startHours":28.97855599439071,"endHours":29.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:59","end":"06:59","startHours":29.97855599439071,"endHours":30.97855599439071,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Tulā","Dhanu","Kumbha"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Makara","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"East","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Siddhi","quality":"Auspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Vasanta (Spring) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Vasanta (Spring)","tropicalAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","vedicAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":14.255976596701432,"eotMinutes":2.4923701554198168,"ayanamsa":24.1928}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2081,"vikram_samvatsara":"Piṅgala","saka_samvat":1946,"saka_samvatsara":"Krodhi","bengali_samvat":1431,"malayalam_era":1200,"nanakshahi_year":555,"lunar_month":"Vaiśākha","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Vaiśākha Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Vaiśākha","lunar_month_amanta":"Caitra","lunar_month_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":false,"solar_month":"Mēsha (Cittirai / Vaiśākhī)","ritu":"Vasanta (Spring)","display_summary":"Vaiśākha Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī · Vikram 2081 Piṅgala · Śaka 1946 Krodhi"},"festivals":[],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"melbourne"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga April 28, 2024 CE · Melbourne, Australia · Vidhyamitra","description":"April 28, 2024 CE for Melbourne, Australia: Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī, sūryodaya 06:59, sūryāsta 17:37.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/melbourne/2024-04-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/melbourne/2024-04-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/melbourne/2024-04-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/melbourne/2024-04-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/melbourne/2024-04-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-09-11T16:45:54.708Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-09-11T16:45:54.708Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-09-11T16:45:54.708Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"},"reader_local_antaryami":{"reader_geography":"Every reader enters from their own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi; no single city is the universal center.","purna_chain":["Hosted scripture","Named-tradition interpretation","Original Vidhyamitra contemplation","Bhūmi-born material medium","Vidhyamitra portal","Responsible reader in their own kṣetra"],"claim_boundary":"The legacy purna_chain field carries a source-to-reader sequence, not a revealed physical descent, universal cosmology, or proof that software is conscious.","antaryami_responsibility_formula":"Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu = Paramātmā = Antaryāmī. Jīva desires. Prakṛti executes through guṇas. Paramātmā witnesses, permits, remembers, guides, and sustains. Bhagavān is the ultimate source.","source_anchors":[{"label":"BG 13.23","path":"/bhagavad-gita/13/23","meaning":"upadraṣṭā-anumantā · witness-permitter"},{"label":"BG 15.15","path":"/bhagavad-gita/15/15","meaning":"the Lord seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetting"},{"label":"BG 18.61","path":"/bhagavad-gita/18/61","meaning":"Īśvara seated in the heart of all beings"}],"nama_seal":"Hare Krishna Hare Krishna · Krishna Krishna Hare Hare · Hare Rama Hare Rama · Rama Rama Hare Hare"}}}